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That Scripture Might Be Fulfilled: Typology and the Death of Christ, by Paul M. Hoskins
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Christian teaching about the death of Jesus tends to glance quickly at the Old Testament, as if the Old Testament does not provide much insight into the death of Jesus. In contrast, the New Testament authors frequently point to the Old Testament when they teach about Jesus' death. Similarly, Jesus' words at the Lord's Supper are packed with allusions to Old Testament sacrifices. This book provides examples of the rich insights that emerge from following the New Testament's pointers back to the Old Testament. It examines Old Testament types or patterns that prefigure the death of Jesus. It also encourages reflection and meaningful worship, especially at celebrations of the Lord's Supper and Easter. This work by Paul Hoskins is a careful and much needed guide to typology. He rightly defines it and perceptively illustrates it. Along the way, he offers assistance in reading the Fathers, knowing the difference between typology and allegory, avoiding the excesses of typology, and provides profoundly important insight into the meaning of significant biblical texts. A careful reading of this work will likely change your reading of Scripture, and without doubt for the better. B. Paul Wolfe, PhD Headmaster, The Cambridge School of Dallas Formerly, Associate Professor of New Testament Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary Paul M. Hoskins is Assistant Professor of New Testament at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. He completed his doctoral work at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School under the supervision of D. A. Carson. His published works include articles on the Passover in the Gospel of John and Jesus as the Fulfillment of the Temple in the Gospel of John.
- Sales Rank: #1191152 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Xulon Press
- Published on: 2009-10-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 5.51" h x .47" w x 8.50" l, .58 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 204 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Most helpful customer reviews
8 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Helpful Intro to this Subject and Approach
By Ched Spellman
In this volume, Paul Hoskins aims to provide an "accessible introduction to typology" that will help demystify some of the "mysterious uses" of the Old Testament in the New Testament (xv). For Hoskins, the biblical writers demonstrate that in his death, Jesus fulfills a number of "types" found in Old Testament texts. To make sense of the New Testament portrait of the suffering and death of Christ, an interpreter must recognize that the biblical writers have connected their message to the witness of the Old Testament. Hoskins strives to demonstrate the enduring value of typology in the pursuit of this task.
In chapter one, Hoskins begins by acknowledging that there is "baggage associated with typology" and that "types and typology are widely associated with fanciful interpretations of the Old Testament" (18). In certain circles, typology can become a catchall term for bad interpretation. In this context, Hoskins maintains that a controlled, modest use of typology can prove fruitful for understanding the way the New Testament writers speak about Christ. He defines typology as "the aspect of biblical interpretation that treats the significance of Old Testament types for prefiguring corresponding New Testament antitypes" (20). In this scheme, "Events (like the Exodus), persons (like David), or institutions (like the Temple) are common categories for Old Testament types" (20). These types prefigure and correspond to the later appearance of an antitype. This typological relationship rests on a high view of God's providence in history where God both shapes the history of Israel and also inspires the Scriptures that record and interpret that history. Thus, the typological relationship is designed by God. In this divine plan, the antitype does not merely repeat or echo the traits of the previous type, but rather fulfills, replaces, and surpasses that original event, figure, or institution. Hoskins seeks to show that the meaning of these terms is built upon their use in the New Testament (27-30).
In an effort to "curb the excesses that have damaged the reputation of typological interpretation" (25), Hoskins suggests a number of interpretive controls that can guide readers. For instance, Hoskins argues that a careful study of the use of the Old Testament in the New Testament is essential. Because typological relationships span the Testaments, the most convincing examples are ones supported by both Old Testament and New Testament texts. In other words, the biblical material "should produce convincing evidence for a correspondence" (25). Consequently, Hoskins argues that interpreters should put no more emphasis on a connection than is warranted by the biblical evidence. The identification of a typological relationship in the history of interpretation can also guide readers. In this respect, Hoskins presents the patristic period as a rich resource for typological interpretation, while noting some cautions. Returning to issues of definition, Hoskins points out the important differences between typology and allegory. He argues that in the church fathers, one can find examples of allegory, good typology, and also bad typology. Accordingly, contemporary interpreters should not collapse these categories and think of typology primarily as an allegorical endeavor.
After this introductory chapter, Hoskins examines specific examples of typology in the New Testament, beginning with texts from the Gospels. Hoskins first shows how the direct quotations of the Psalms of David in the passion narratives of the four Gospels point to an underlying David typology (chapter two). He next investigates the Old Testament texts that Jesus alludes to in his words at the Last Supper (chapter three) and also traces how Jesus is portrayed as the fulfillment of the Passover lamb in the gospel of John (chapter four).
In the last two chapters, Hoskins switches gears and examines the way the writer of Hebrews presents Jesus as the fulfillment of key old covenant institutions. Specifically, he traces how the writer uses Old Testament types to teach believers that they can enter into the true tabernacle through the blood of Jesus (chapter five) and how the unique sacrifice of the Messiah takes away sin (chapter six). Hoskins concludes that the writer "believes that God specifically designed the Tabernacle and its sacrifices to prefigure the better realities to come" (135). In these five chapters, Hoskins argues that a close study of the New Testament reveals a host of significant Old Testament types. For him, "the abundance of these types shows how abundantly God was predicting the climax of his saving work in Christ" (165).
Two important strengths of this volume relate to the sometimes neglected and misunderstood topics of typology and the Old Testament. In relation to an academic context, Hoskins provides a clear definition and illustration of traditional typology. Acknowledging that there are many ways to do typology poorly, Hoskins outlines the primary elements of the approach and offers a set of reflective controls for how to practice it responsibly. He strives to stay within the bounds that the New Testament writers set in finding and examining the relationship between types and antitypes. This typological modesty is instructive and should ease the apprehensions of some who have reacted to exaggerated caricatures of the approach.
In relation to a church context, Hoskins outlines the way that a pastor or teacher could recover the riches of the Old Testament for the interpretation of the New Testament. His chapters discuss at length significant New Testament texts that are frequently neglected due to their pervasive use of the Old Testament (e.g., Heb 8-10). Further, Hoskins sketches the context of several broad Old Testament themes (e.g. the old covenant sacrificial system). These expositions in particular will equip pastors with a framework that can help them lead their congregations in thinking about their practice of the Lord's Supper. Hoskins also supplies a few sets of texts that readers can use in reflecting on the significance of Christ's death during the Easter season (189-90). These elements serve one of Hoskins' goals in writing, namely, to aid believers in their Bible reading and to encourage them in their worship.
One area where this volume might be strengthened relates to the understanding and identification of types in Old Testament texts. Though Hoskins helpfully highlights the way that types are identified by Jesus and the New Testament writers, there may also be room for reflection regarding the compositional strategies of the Old Testament authors. One might ask what role the Old Testament authors play in the way that types are originally portrayed. Is it possible that one of the reasons why a New Testament author has identified a person or event as a type is because an Old Testament author has portrayed it as such? For example, it seems that the Old Testament writers already view David as a paradigmatic figure whose life represents a pattern for the coming Messiah. Demonstrating that a typological relationship is a function of the compositional strategy of both Old Testament and New Testament writers would deepen the character of the connection. Even if only a few types fall into this category, it might be helpful to ask this kind of question more directly.
Moreover, many of the connections Hoskins notes between the two Testaments involve quotations and allusions. His arguments here might profit from further reflection on the nature of these intertextual connections and on the criteria for identifying and confirming their presence in New Testament texts. In other words, there may be a number of literary considerations that would complement Hoskins' cogent historical and theological analysis.
In sum, for the reasons outlined above, pastors and scholars would benefit from carefully considering the approach and interpretive work presented in this accessible resource.
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Useful resource on Christ's sacrifice for sin
By Andrew Caperton
So many in the evangelical world of biblical studies are afraid of the word typology. They either don't know what it means, or they think it is license to allegorize the entire Bible. This book uses typology to discuss the places in the New Testament that allude to the Old Testament, specifically concerning the death of Christ as a sacrifice for sin (see Hebrews 9 for example). Many have heard the basic statements of Christ's death; this book takes the Bible portion by portion (like the book of John) and brings out the depth in those statements.
For those who are unsure about typology, this book gives helpful insight and history to the discipline of seeing all that the New Testament says about the Old Testament. The content is very well-organized (including charts for summary) and the language is uncomplicated. It also has a large annotated bibliography for those looking for further study.
For those who are preaching or teaching every week, this books offers a complete reading schedule (4 weeks) for the Advent or Lenten season that takes a church or family through the death of Christ and its significance.
With a useful introduction, plain-sense explanations, helpful tools, and Scriptural backing all over the place, That Scripture Might Be Fulfilled is a great book to buy and to recommend to others.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
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